1.Uburebure bwibanze bwa sisitemu nziza
Uburebure bwibanze ni ikintu cyingenzi cyane cyerekana sisitemu ya optique, kubitekerezo byuburebure bwibanze, dufite byinshi cyangwa bike dufite imyumvire, dusubiramo hano.
Uburebure bwibanze bwa sisitemu ya optique, isobanurwa nkintera kuva hagati ya optique ya optique ya sisitemu ya optique kugeza kumurongo wibiti mugihe habaye urumuri ruringaniye, ni igipimo cyo kwibanda cyangwa gutandukanya urumuri muri sisitemu optique. Dukoresha igishushanyo gikurikira kugirango twerekane iki gitekerezo.
Mu gishushanyo cyavuzwe haruguru, ibintu bisa n’ibintu biva ku mpera y’ibumoso, nyuma yo kunyura muri sisitemu ya optique, bihinduka ku ishusho yibanda kuri F ', umurongo wo kwagura umurongo w’urumuri uhuza uhuza umurongo uhuza umurongo w’ibyabaye ugereranije na a ingingo, hamwe nubuso butambutsa iyi ngingo kandi ni perpendicular kuri optique yiswe indege nyamukuru yinyuma, indege nyamukuru yinyuma ihuza umurongo wa optique kuri point P2, bita point point (cyangwa optique centre point), intera iri hagati yingenzi ningingo yibanze, nicyo dusanzwe twita uburebure bwibanze, izina ryuzuye nuburebure bwingenzi bwibishusho.
Birashobora kandi kugaragara uhereye ku gishushanyo ko intera kuva hejuru yubuso bwa nyuma bwa sisitemu ya optique kugeza kuri point point F 'yishusho yitwa uburebure bwinyuma (BFL). Mu buryo busa, niba urumuri ruringaniye rwabaye kuva kuruhande rwiburyo, hari nubusobanuro bwuburebure bukomeye hamwe nuburebure bwimbere (FFL).
2. Uburyo bwo Kwipimisha Uburebure
Mubimenyerezo, hariho uburyo bwinshi bushobora gukoreshwa mugupima uburebure bwa sisitemu ya optique. Ukurikije amahame atandukanye, uburyo bwo gupima uburebure bwibanze bushobora kugabanywamo ibyiciro bitatu. Icyiciro cya mbere gishingiye kumyanya yindege ishusho, icyiciro cya kabiri gikoresha isano iri hagati yo gukuza nuburebure bwerekanwe kugirango ubone uburebure bwerekanwe, naho icyiciro cya gatatu gikoresha umurongo wikurikiranya wumurongo uhuza urumuri kugirango ubone uburebure bwerekanwe. .
Muri iki gice, tuzamenyekanisha uburyo bukoreshwa mugupima uburebure bwa sisitemu ya optique :：
2.1CUburyo bwa ollimator
Ihame ryo gukoresha collimator kugirango ugerageze uburebure bwa sisitemu optique nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo gikurikira:
Igishushanyo, icyitegererezo cyibizamini gishyirwa kumurongo wa collimator. Uburebure y bwikigereranyo cyikigereranyo hamwe nuburebure bwa fc'ya collimator irazwi. Nyuma yumurambararo ugereranije utangwa na collimator uhujwe na sisitemu ya optique yapimwe hanyuma igashushanywa kumurongo wamashusho, uburebure bwibanze bwa sisitemu optique burashobora kubarwa hashingiwe ku burebure y 'bwikigereranyo cyindege. Uburebure bwibanze bwa sisitemu ya optique irashobora gukoresha formula ikurikira:
2.2Method
Igishushanyo mbonera cyuburyo bwa Gaussiya bwo kugerageza uburebure bwibanze bwa sisitemu optique irerekanwa hepfo:
Igishushanyo, indege nyamukuru ninyuma yingenzi ya sisitemu ya optique iri kugeragezwa igaragazwa nka P na P ', kandi intera iri hagati yindege zombi ni dP. Muri ubu buryo, agaciro ka dPifatwa nkizwi, cyangwa agaciro kayo ni nto kandi irashobora kwirengagizwa. Ikintu na ecran yakira bishyirwa ibumoso niburyo, kandi intera iri hagati yabo yanditswe nka L, aho L igomba kuba irenze inshuro 4 uburebure bwa sisitemu iri munsi yikizamini. Sisitemu iri kugeragezwa irashobora gushyirwa mumyanya ibiri, ikerekanwa nkumwanya wa 1 nu mwanya wa 2. Ikintu kiri ibumoso gishobora kwerekanwa neza kuri ecran yakira. Intera iri hagati yibi bibanza byombi (bisobanurwa nka D) irashobora gupimwa. Ukurikije umubano wa conjugate, dushobora kubona:
Kuri iyi myanya yombi, intera yikintu yanditswe nka s1 na s2 uko bikurikirana, hanyuma s2 - s1 = D. Binyuze muri formulaire, dushobora kubona uburebure bwibanze bwa sisitemu optique nkuko biri hepfo:
2.3L.ensometer
Lensometero irakwiriye cyane mugupima uburebure bwa optique sisitemu. Igishushanyo cyacyo ni ibi bikurikira:
Ubwa mbere, lens iri munsi yikizamini ntabwo yashyizwe munzira nziza. Intego yagaragaye kuruhande rwibumoso inyura mumurongo uhuza kandi ihinduka urumuri rusa. Umucyo ugereranije uhujwe ninzira ihuza hamwe nuburebure bwa f2kandi ikora ishusho isobanutse kumurongo windege. Nyuma yinzira ya optique ihinduwe, lens iri munsi yikizamini ishyirwa munzira nziza, kandi intera iri hagati yinzira igeragezwa hamwe ninzira yo guhuza ni f2. Nkigisubizo, bitewe nigikorwa cya lens iri kugeragezwa, urumuri rwumucyo ruzongera gushyirwaho, bigatera ihinduka ryumwanya windege yishusho, bikavamo ishusho isobanutse kumwanya windege nshya yishusho. Intera iri hagati yindege nshya yishusho hamwe ninzira ihuza byerekanwa nka x. Ukurikije ikintu-ishusho isano, uburebure bwibanze bwa lens iri kugeragezwa burashobora gufatwa nk:
Mu myitozo, lensometero yakoreshejwe cyane mugupima hejuru yibipimo byerekana indorerwamo, kandi ifite ibyiza byo gukora byoroshye kandi byukuri.
2.4 AbbeRefractometero
Abbe refractometer nubundi buryo bwo kugerageza uburebure bwibanze bwa sisitemu optique. Igishushanyo cyacyo ni ibi bikurikira:
Shira abategetsi babiri bafite uburebure butandukanye kuruhande rwikintu cya lens munsi yikizamini, aricyo gipimo cya 1 na scaleplate 2. Uburebure bwikigereranyo ni y1 na y2. Intera iri hagati yuburyo bubiri ni e, kandi inguni iri hagati yumurongo wo hejuru wumutegetsi na optique ni u. Igipimo cyashushanijwe ninzira zapimwe zifite uburebure bwa f. Microscope yashizwe kumurongo wanyuma. Kwimura umwanya wa microscope, amashusho yo hejuru yibipimo byombi araboneka. Muri iki gihe, intera iri hagati ya microscope na optique ya axis yerekanwa nka y. Ukurikije ikintu-ishusho isano, dushobora kubona uburebure bwibanze nka ：
2.5 Moire DeflectometryUburyo
Uburyo bwa deflectometrie ya Moiré buzakoresha ibice bibiri byamategeko ya Ronchi mumirasire yumucyo. Icyemezo cya Ronchi nicyuma kimeze nka gride ya firime ya chromium yashyizwe kumurongo wikirahure, ikunze gukoreshwa mugupima imikorere ya sisitemu optique. Uburyo bukoresha impinduka zimpande za Moiré zakozwe nibyishimo bibiri kugirango ugerageze uburebure bwibanze bwa sisitemu optique. Igishushanyo mbonera cy'ihame ni ibi bikurikira ：
Mu gishushanyo kiri hejuru, ikintu cyarebwaga, nyuma yo kunyura kuri collimator, gihinduka urumuri. Mu nzira ya optique, utabanje kongeramo lens yapimwe mbere, urumuri ruringaniye runyura mu byishimo bibiri hamwe no kwimura inguni ya θ hamwe no gutandukanya intera ya d, bigakora umurongo wa Moiré ku ndege y’ishusho. Hanyuma, lens yapimwe ishyirwa muburyo bwiza. Itara ryambere ryegeranijwe, nyuma yo gukurwaho ninzira, bizatanga uburebure bwihariye. Ikirangantego cya radiyo yumucyo urashobora kuboneka muburyo bukurikira ：
Mubisanzwe lens iri munsi yikizamini ishyirwa hafi cyane yo gusya kwambere, bityo R agaciro muri formula yavuzwe haruguru ihuye nuburebure bwibanze bwa lens. Ibyiza byubu buryo nuko bushobora kugerageza uburebure bwibanze bwa sisitemu nziza kandi mbi.
2.6FkoherezaAutocollimationMethod
Ihame ryo gukoresha optique fibre autocollimation uburyo bwo gupima uburebure bwa lens bwerekanwe kumashusho hepfo. Ikoresha fibre optique kugirango isohore urumuri rutandukanye runyura mumurongo ugeragezwa hanyuma mukirorerwamo cyindege. Inzira eshatu za optique mumashusho zerekana imiterere ya fibre optique murwego rwo kwibandaho, imbere yibanze, no hanze yibanze. Kwimura umwanya wa lens munsi yikizamini imbere n'inyuma, urashobora kubona umwanya wumutwe wa fibre yibanze. Muri iki gihe, urumuri rwiyegeranya, kandi nyuma yo kugaragazwa nindorerwamo yindege, ingufu nyinshi zizasubira mumwanya wa fibre. Uburyo buroroshye muburyo bworoshye kandi bworoshye kubushyira mubikorwa.
3.Umwanzuro
Uburebure bwibanze ni ikintu cyingenzi cya sisitemu optique. Muri iyi ngingo, turasobanura neza icyerekezo cya optique ya sisitemu yibanze hamwe nuburyo bwo kugerageza. Dufatanije nigishushanyo mbonera, turasobanura ibisobanuro byuburebure bwibanze, harimo nubusobanuro bwuburebure bwishusho-kuruhande, uburebure bwikintu-kuruhande, hamwe nuburebure bwimbere-inyuma. Mu myitozo, hari uburyo bwinshi bwo kugerageza uburebure bwibanze bwa sisitemu optique. Iyi ngingo itangiza amahame yo gupima uburyo bwa collimator, uburyo bwa Gaussiya, uburyo bwo gupima uburebure bwa metero, uburyo bwo gupima uburebure bwa Abbe, uburyo bwo guhindagura Moiré, nuburyo bwa optique fibre autocollimation. Nizera ko usomye iyi ngingo, uzasobanukirwa neza ibipimo by'uburebure bwibanze muri sisitemu ya optique.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-09-2024
